There may be greater uncertainty associated with these systems. See Limitations.
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Updates hourly. Latest reference time:
Use the Data Table to see the status of all public water systems or to download the data. See the User Guide for additional details.
< 10 %
of estimated streamflow withdrawn
≥ 10-24%
of estimated streamflow withdrawn
≥ 25% %
of estimated streamflow withdrawn
Not ranked
The following is a tabular display of the information contained within the map for each public water system considered.Records are by default ordered from highest to lowest percent of estimated streamflow withdrawn.
This tool is intended to help emergency, environmental, and public health managers at the federal, state, and local levels in West Virginia evaluate, plan for, and respond to potential drought conditions in at-risk communities. It is based on a framework established by Kearns and others (2023), who evaluated the societal impacts of drought in West Virginia by comparing estimated public water system withdrawal rates against low-flow streamflow statistics. This tool uses estimated public water system withdrawal rates (75th quantile of the long-term mean withdrawal rate for each system for the current month) from this report to map modeled drought conditions once every hour using streamflow estimates from the National Water Model short-range forecasts.
The percent of estimated streamflow withdrawn is evaluated against thresholds from multiple sources. West Virginia’s interagency drought plan indicates that water conservation measures should be enacted whenever water withdrawals exceed 25% of streamflow (WVDEM IS-6, 2016). Withdrawals greater than 25% of estimated streamflow are displayed in orange. Withdrawals greater than 10% and less than 25% of the estimated streamflow have been selected as an intermediate category and are displayed in yellow. Withdrawals less than 10% of estimated streamflow are colored in green. This is a “presumptive standard” from the literature of ecological flow science, which in the absence of more detailed analysis suggests that a utilization rate no more than 10% of streamflow offers high ecological protection for aquatic habitats (Richter and others, 2012). Counties or watersheds with more than one public water system intake are symbolized by the threshold of the public water system withdrawing the greatest percent of estimated streamflow.
West Virginia gets 80% of its public water supply from rivers and streams, but localized or seasonal drought conditions can occur even in areas that have historically enjoyed an abundance of water. Regional climate modeling suggests that seasonal droughts may increase in severity, as rising temperatures will likely increase evapotranspiration and aridity (Fernandez & Zegre, 2019). In 2019, half of West Virginia experienced moderate to severe drought while the remainder of the state experienced abnormally dry conditions (National Drought Mitigation Center, 2022).
Droughts affect different areas in different ways. West Virginia’s largest municipalities are located along major watercourses regulated by locks and dams and are likely to be affected only during the most severe or prolonged droughts. Public water systems in smaller, rural communities located in the headwaters of unregulated watersheds are at the greatest risk for drought-related impacts. While there exists a fair understanding of the meteorological and hydrologic metrics of drought severity, there is less understanding of when these conditions begin to have societal impact on public water supplies (Bachmair and others, 2016).
The withdrawal rate data and ancillary information for public water systems used by this tool are openly available in ScienceBase and the associated report.
This application is designed to increase understanding and awareness of drought risk for public water systems in West Virginia. It is intended to support planning and decision-making of water operators and government agencies in accordance with drought response guidelines from the West Virginia Division of Emergency Management, but not in a regulatory manner. The estimates and assumptions inherent in this approach are best used as a screening tool. For greatest accuracy, in-situ measurements and verification of withdrawal rates, water supply storage, and streamflow are recommended.
Note on National Water Model usage:
By incorporating the National Water Model short-range forecasts,
this application also carries any assumptions, limitations, uncertainty, or errors present in the National Water
Model and the datasets and models it is built upon.
The current version of the National Water Model is not an official river level forecast.
Note on weirs and reservoirs:
In this tool and the associated report, a "reservoir" suggests a
documented impoundment and a "weir" suggests a smaller in-stream control structure that may deepen a particular
pool.
There are 24 public water systems noted to withdraw from reservoirs and 18 systems withdrawing from weirs. These
structures are documented in this tool to provide additional context for high withdrawal rates, which could be
sustained during low-flow scenarios given enough water storage.
This tool does not directly estimate or account for the amount of water storage available in these impoundments.
As a result, there may be greater uncertainty associated with estimates of the percent of streamflow withdrawn by
public water systems withdrawing from source waters with on-stream storage.
Other limitations and assumptions:
The application does not account for surface water withdrawals that may be occurring upstream of an individual
public water system intake.
View long-term trends and access current groundwater levels for continuous groundwater monitoring locations across Virginia and West Virginia.
Explore hydrologic drought forecasts for select streams in the Northeast. Winter streamflows are used to estimate the chance of hydrologic drought during the summer months 5 to 11 months in advance.
Explore real-time streamflow, groundwater, and water-quality conditions at monitoring site locations in West Virginia using the National Water Dashboard.
Although these data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. The USGS or the U.S. Government shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and/or contained herein. The data on this page are being provided to meet the need for timely best science, and are provided on the condition that neither the U.S. Geological Survey nor the U.S. Government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the data. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.