West Virginia Public Water System Drought Risk

Loading indicator
Map Controls

There may be greater uncertainty associated with these systems. See Limitations.

Map Information Panel

Loading map data...

Updates hourly. Latest reference time:

Use the Data Table to see the status of all public water systems or to download the data. See the User Guide for additional details.



Explanation

Boundaries (counties or watersheds) are colored by the percent of estimated streamflow of the source waters withdrawn by public water systems within each boundary. The percent of estimated streamflow withdrawn is calculated using the 75th quantile of monthly withdrawal rates for each public water system and National Water Model forecasted streamflows. Use the Gear iconMap Controls to update information shown on the map. Boundaries with multiple public water systems are colored by the classification of the system withdrawing the greatest percent of streamflow. Click on a boundary of interest to see the status of all systems within the boundary in the Map Information Panel. [<, less than; ≥, greater than or equal to.]
Symbol for withdrawal less than 10% of estimated streamflow.

< 10 %

of estimated streamflow withdrawn

Symbol for withdrawal at greater than or equal to 10% and less than 25% of estimated streamflow.

≥ 10-24%

of estimated streamflow withdrawn

Symbol for withdrawal greater than or equal to 25% of estimated streamflow.

≥ 25% %

of estimated streamflow withdrawn

Symbol for Not Available classification.

Not ranked

Data Table

The following is a tabular display of the information contained within the map for each public water system considered.Records are by default ordered from highest to lowest percent of estimated streamflow withdrawn.

Loading indicator

About

Background

This tool is intended to help emergency, environmental, and public health managers at the federal, state, and local levels in West Virginia evaluate, plan for, and respond to potential drought conditions in at-risk communities. It is based on a framework established by Kearns and others (2023), who evaluated the societal impacts of drought in West Virginia by comparing estimated public water system withdrawal rates against low-flow streamflow statistics. This tool uses estimated public water system withdrawal rates (75th quantile of the long-term mean withdrawal rate for each system for the current month) from this report to map modeled drought conditions once every hour using streamflow estimates from the National Water Model short-range forecasts.

The percent of estimated streamflow withdrawn is evaluated against thresholds from multiple sources. West Virginia’s interagency drought plan indicates that water conservation measures should be enacted whenever water withdrawals exceed 25% of streamflow (WVDEM IS-6, 2016). Withdrawals greater than 25% of estimated streamflow are displayed in orange. Withdrawals greater than 10% and less than 25% of the estimated streamflow have been selected as an intermediate category and are displayed in yellow. Withdrawals less than 10% of estimated streamflow are colored in green. This is a “presumptive standard” from the literature of ecological flow science, which in the absence of more detailed analysis suggests that a utilization rate no more than 10% of streamflow offers high ecological protection for aquatic habitats (Richter and others, 2012). Counties or watersheds with more than one public water system intake are symbolized by the threshold of the public water system withdrawing the greatest percent of estimated streamflow.

West Virginia gets 80% of its public water supply from rivers and streams, but localized or seasonal drought conditions can occur even in areas that have historically enjoyed an abundance of water. Regional climate modeling suggests that seasonal droughts may increase in severity, as rising temperatures will likely increase evapotranspiration and aridity (Fernandez & Zegre, 2019). In 2019, half of West Virginia experienced moderate to severe drought while the remainder of the state experienced abnormally dry conditions (National Drought Mitigation Center, 2022).

Droughts affect different areas in different ways. West Virginia’s largest municipalities are located along major watercourses regulated by locks and dams and are likely to be affected only during the most severe or prolonged droughts. Public water systems in smaller, rural communities located in the headwaters of unregulated watersheds are at the greatest risk for drought-related impacts. While there exists a fair understanding of the meteorological and hydrologic metrics of drought severity, there is less understanding of when these conditions begin to have societal impact on public water supplies (Bachmair and others, 2016).

The withdrawal rate data and ancillary information for public water systems used by this tool are openly available in ScienceBase and the associated report.




This application is designed to increase understanding and awareness of drought risk for public water systems in West Virginia. It is intended to support planning and decision-making of water operators and government agencies in accordance with drought response guidelines from the West Virginia Division of Emergency Management, but not in a regulatory manner. The estimates and assumptions inherent in this approach are best used as a screening tool. For greatest accuracy, in-situ measurements and verification of withdrawal rates, water supply storage, and streamflow are recommended.

Note on National Water Model usage:
By incorporating the National Water Model short-range forecasts, this application also carries any assumptions, limitations, uncertainty, or errors present in the National Water Model and the datasets and models it is built upon. The current version of the National Water Model is not an official river level forecast.

Note on weirs and reservoirs:
In this tool and the associated report, a "reservoir" suggests a documented impoundment and a "weir" suggests a smaller in-stream control structure that may deepen a particular pool. There are 24 public water systems noted to withdraw from reservoirs and 18 systems withdrawing from weirs. These structures are documented in this tool to provide additional context for high withdrawal rates, which could be sustained during low-flow scenarios given enough water storage. This tool does not directly estimate or account for the amount of water storage available in these impoundments. As a result, there may be greater uncertainty associated with estimates of the percent of streamflow withdrawn by public water systems withdrawing from source waters with on-stream storage.

Other limitations and assumptions:
The application does not account for surface water withdrawals that may be occurring upstream of an individual public water system intake.

Using the Map and Navigating the Page

Multiple widgets are available for interacting with the drought visualization.
  1. Use the navigation bar on the top right to jump to different sections of the page.
  2. Use the "+" or "-" zoom control buttons on the top left to zoom in or out on the map, respectively.
  3. Use the home button on the left, underneath the zoom controls, to return to the original extent of the map.
  4. Use the Map Controls on the bottom left to hide or show the Map Information Panel (see #6) and change the boundary within which the map information is aggregated. Information can be viewed by county boundary or watershed boundary (representing the 10-digit Hydrologic Unit within which a public water system is located).
  5. The Map Information Panel on the right will populate with information for public water systems located within a county or watershed when a county or watershed with information available is clicked on the map. Note that counties or watersheds with multiple public water systems are colored by the status of the public water system withdrawing the greatest percent of estimated streamflow, as demonstrated in the example below:
Counties or watersheds on the map with multiple public water systems are colored based on the system withdrawing the greatest percent of estimated streamflow.

Using the Data Table

The Data Table allows users to see, copy, download, and sort all data contained within the map.
  1. Use the "Copy" or "Download" buttons on the top left to grab the data from the table for use outside of the application.
  2. Use the record selector to change the number of data records ("entries") shown at once in the table.
  3. The Data Table shares all of the same information contained within the map. Records are by default ordered from highest to lowest percent of estimated streamflow withdrawn. Resort the records in ascending or descending order based on a different column using the arrows to the right of the column headers.
  4. Use the pagination buttons on the bottom right to view additional table entries.


Related Drought Tools

  • Virginia and West Virginia Groundwater Levels and Trends

    A screenshot of the Virginia and West Virginia Groundwater Levels and Trends application.

    View long-term trends and access current groundwater levels for continuous groundwater monitoring locations across Virginia and West Virginia.

  • Northeast Region Drought Streamflow Probabilities

    A screenshot of the Northeast Drought Streamflow Probabilities application

    Explore hydrologic drought forecasts for select streams in the Northeast. Winter streamflows are used to estimate the chance of hydrologic drought during the summer months 5 to 11 months in advance.

  • West Virginia Current Water Conditions

    A screenshot of the National Water Dashboard.

    Explore real-time streamflow, groundwater, and water-quality conditions at monitoring site locations in West Virginia using the National Water Dashboard.

Disclaimer

Although these data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. The USGS or the U.S. Government shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and/or contained herein. The data on this page are being provided to meet the need for timely best science, and are provided on the condition that neither the U.S. Geological Survey nor the U.S. Government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the data. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.